Vagus nerve stimulation: State of the art of stimulation and recording strategies to address autonomic function neuromodulation

International audienceObjective. Neural signals along the vagus nerve (VN) drive many somatic and autonomic functions. The clinical interest of VN stimulation (VNS) is thus potentially huge and has already been demonstrated in epilepsy. However, side effects are often elicited, in addition to the targeted neuromodulation. Approach. This review examines the state of the art of VNS applied to two emerging modulations of autonomic function: heart failure and obesity, especially morbid obesity. Main results. We report that VNS may benefit from improved stimulation delivery using very advanced technologies. However, most of the results from fundamental animal studies still need to be demonstrated in humans

Relations neurodigestives et stimulation vagale basse-fréquence chez le rat anesthésié : implications du système nerveux central et du système immunitaire

Introduction High frequency(30 Hz)vagus nerve stimulation(VNS)has been approved as a treatment for some types of epilepsy and depression in humans. Low-frequency (5 Hz)VNS has also been successful for the treatment of different animal inflammation models, notably digestive inflammation. Recent studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory effect is induced by the activation of the efferent vagal fibers, which secrete acetylcholine in periphery. It links itself to α-7-nicotinic receptors on the macrophages surface, inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This pathway is known by the name of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. However, the mechanism of action of low-frequency VNS remains unclear and other pathways could be involved implicating the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the implication of the CNS and the immune system in the modulation of inflammation induced by low-frequency VNS in an anaesthetized rat model. Firstly, to study the implication of the CNS and the contribution of the afferent vagal fibers during 5Hz VNS, a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on a «healthy» anaesthetized rat model was carried out. Secondly, an experiment on the effect of VNS on splenic immune cells as well as on the digestive tract was fulfilled on a «healthy» rat model followed by a study on a rat model of colitis induced by intracolonic injection of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Results fMRI data brought to light an important role of the afferent vagal fibers. They modulate some structures of the CNS which could contribute to the modulation of digestive inflammation by 5Hz VNS. The studies carried out by FACS on the sub-populations of splenic lymphocytes revealed that other immune cells than macrophages could be implicated by VNS. In the «healthy» rat model, with no digestive inflammation, FACS data show that 3h VNS decreases T CD4 lymphocytes activation and the percentage of NKT in relation to T lymphocytes. These data are in favor of an inhibiting role of VNS on lymphocytes activation and also has an impact on NKT cells which have immunoregulatory properties. 3h VNS does not have the same effect on the rat model of colitis. In fact, the quantification of secreted cytokines by cultured splenocytes show that VNS increases the potential of IL-10(anti-iflammatory)cytokine by splenocytes and particularly splenic T CD4 lymphocytes. In the same way, the anti-inflammatory effect of VNS is seen in the transverse colon (above the lesions): decrease of TNF-α and SOCS3 mRNA and of myeloperoxidase. These results show a role of VNS on the functionality of splenic T CD4 lymphocytes inducing an important secretion of IL-10. 3h low-frequency VNS turns the immune response towards an anti-inflammatory response during the early phase of digestive inflammation. Moreover, VNS anti-inflammatory effect is seen in the transverse colon, above the lesions. Conclusion These results reveal that other pathways implicating different cell types are potentially involved besides the classic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway by low-frequency VNS. It implicates CNS by the activation of vagal afferents and splenic immune cells such as T CD4 lymphocytes and NKT cells. An anti-inflammatory effect of VNS is found in the transverse colon (above the lesions) even during the initiation phase of digestive inflammation, but not in the distal colon (in the lesions). These date have therapeutic implications: low-frequency VNS is being clinically tested at the moment as a treatment for Crohn's disease.IntroductionLa neurostimulation vagale (NSV) à haute fréquence (30 Hz) est utilisée commethérapeutique de certaines formes d’épilepsie et de dépression réfractaires aux traitements chezl’Homme. De plus, la NSV à basse fréquence (5 Hz) a été expérimentée avec succès chez l’animalpour traiter différentes inflammations périphériques, notamment digestives. Des travaux récents ontmis en évidence que cet effet anti-inflammatoire est induit par l’activation des fibres efférentesvagales, libérant en périphérie de l’acétylcholine, inhibant la sécrétion des cytokines proinflammatoires.Cette voie est connue sous le nom de voie anti-inflammatoire cholinergique.Toutefois, le mécanisme d’action de la NSV 5 Hz reste mal connu et d’autres voies pourraient êtremises en jeu impliquant le système nerveux central (SNC) et le système immunitaire périphérique.ButLes travaux réalisés ont eu pour objectif d’étudier l’implication du SNC et du systèmeimmunitaire dans la modulation de l’inflammation induite par la NSV basse fréquence chez unmodèle de rat anesthésié. Tout d’abord, afin d’étudier l’implication du SNC lors de la NSV 5 Hz, uneétude d’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) a été réalisée sur le rat «sain»anesthésié. Ensuite, une étude a été effectuée sur l’effet de la NSV sur les cellules immunitairesspléniques ainsi que sur le tube digestif chez un modèle de rat «sain» puis chez un modèle de ratatteint d’une colite expérimentale induite par une injection intra-colique d’acide trinitrobenzènesulfonique (TNBS).RésultatsLes données obtenues lors de l’étude d’IRMf ont mis en évidence un rôle important desfibres afférentes vagales; elles modulent certaines structures du SNC qui pourraient participer à larégulation de l’inflammation digestive induite par la NSV 5 Hz. Les études réalisées sur les souspopulationslymphocytaires spléniques ont révélé que d’autres cellules immunitaires que lesmacrophages étaient impliquées lors de la NSV. Chez le modèle de rat «sain», les résultats decytométrie en flux ont montré que la NSV 3h 5 Hz induisait une diminution de l’activation deslymphocytes T CD4 ainsi que du pourcentage de NKT par rapport aux lymphocytes T. Ces résultatssont en faveur d’un rôle de la NSV 3h inhibant l’activation lymphocytaire et jouant un rôle sur les NKTpossédant des propriétés immunorégulatrices. La NSV 3h n’a pas le même effet chez le modèle de ratprésentant une colite. En effet, le dosage de cytokines sécrétées par les splénocytes en culturemontre que la NSV augmente le potentiel de sécrétion d’IL-10 (cytokine anti-inflammatoire) dessplénocytes et plus particulièrement des lymphocytes T CD4 spléniques. Parallèlement, l’effet antiinflammatoirede la NSV a été mis en évidence au niveau du côlon transverse (au-dessus de la zonelésée) par une diminution des ARNm de SOCS3 et du TNF-α et de la myéloperoxidase. Ces donnéesont démontré un rôle de la NSV sur la fonctionnalité des lymphocytes T CD4 spléniques. La NSV 3h 5Hz orienterait la réponse immunitaire vers une réponse anti-inflammatoire en phase d’initiationd’inflammation digestive. De plus, l’effet anti-inflammatoire de la NSV est retrouvé au niveau du tubedigestif au-dessus de la zone lésée (côlon transverse).ConclusionCes données expérimentales montrent que d’autres voies impliquant différents typescellulaires sont susceptibles d’être mises en oeuvre par la NSV basse fréquence. Elle induitl’implication du SNC par l’activation des afférences vagales et des cellules immunitaires spléniquestelles que les lymphocytes T CD4 et les NKT. Un effet anti-inflammatoire de la NSV est retrouvé auniveau du côlon transverse, mais pas au niveau des lésions dans le côlon distal. Ces résultatsprésentent des implications thérapeutiques : la NSV basse fréquence est actuellement en essaiclinique pour être utilisée comme traitement dans la maladie de Crohn

Relations neurodigestives et stimulation vagale basse-fréquence chez le rat anesthésié : implications du système nerveux central et du système immunitaire

Introduction High frequency(30 Hz)vagus nerve stimulation(VNS)has been approved as a treatment for some types of epilepsy and depression in humans. Low-frequency (5 Hz)VNS has also been successful for the treatment of different animal inflammation models, notably digestive inflammation. Recent studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory effect is induced by the activation of the efferent vagal fibers, which secrete acetylcholine in periphery. It links itself to α-7-nicotinic receptors on the macrophages surface, inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This pathway is known by the name of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. However, the mechanism of action of low-frequency VNS remains unclear and other pathways could be involved implicating the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the implication of the CNS and the immune system in the modulation of inflammation induced by low-frequency VNS in an anaesthetized rat model. Firstly, to study the implication of the CNS and the contribution of the afferent vagal fibers during 5Hz VNS, a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on a «healthy» anaesthetized rat model was carried out. Secondly, an experiment on the effect of VNS on splenic immune cells as well as on the digestive tract was fulfilled on a «healthy» rat model followed by a study on a rat model of colitis induced by intracolonic injection of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Results fMRI data brought to light an important role of the afferent vagal fibers. They modulate some structures of the CNS which could contribute to the modulation of digestive inflammation by 5Hz VNS. The studies carried out by FACS on the sub-populations of splenic lymphocytes revealed that other immune cells than macrophages could be implicated by VNS. In the «healthy» rat model, with no digestive inflammation, FACS data show that 3h VNS decreases T CD4 lymphocytes activation and the percentage of NKT in relation to T lymphocytes. These data are in favor of an inhibiting role of VNS on lymphocytes activation and also has an impact on NKT cells which have immunoregulatory properties. 3h VNS does not have the same effect on the rat model of colitis. In fact, the quantification of secreted cytokines by cultured splenocytes show that VNS increases the potential of IL-10(anti-iflammatory)cytokine by splenocytes and particularly splenic T CD4 lymphocytes. In the same way, the anti-inflammatory effect of VNS is seen in the transverse colon (above the lesions): decrease of TNF-α and SOCS3 mRNA and of myeloperoxidase. These results show a role of VNS on the functionality of splenic T CD4 lymphocytes inducing an important secretion of IL-10. 3h low-frequency VNS turns the immune response towards an anti-inflammatory response during the early phase of digestive inflammation. Moreover, VNS anti-inflammatory effect is seen in the transverse colon, above the lesions. Conclusion These results reveal that other pathways implicating different cell types are potentially involved besides the classic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway by low-frequency VNS. It implicates CNS by the activation of vagal afferents and splenic immune cells such as T CD4 lymphocytes and NKT cells. An anti-inflammatory effect of VNS is found in the transverse colon (above the lesions) even during the initiation phase of digestive inflammation, but not in the distal colon (in the lesions). These date have therapeutic implications: low-frequency VNS is being clinically tested at the moment as a treatment for Crohn's disease.IntroductionLa neurostimulation vagale (NSV) à haute fréquence (30 Hz) est utilisée commethérapeutique de certaines formes d’épilepsie et de dépression réfractaires aux traitements chezl’Homme. De plus, la NSV à basse fréquence (5 Hz) a été expérimentée avec succès chez l’animalpour traiter différentes inflammations périphériques, notamment digestives. Des travaux récents ontmis en évidence que cet effet anti-inflammatoire est induit par l’activation des fibres efférentesvagales, libérant en périphérie de l’acétylcholine, inhibant la sécrétion des cytokines proinflammatoires.Cette voie est connue sous le nom de voie anti-inflammatoire cholinergique.Toutefois, le mécanisme d’action de la NSV 5 Hz reste mal connu et d’autres voies pourraient êtremises en jeu impliquant le système nerveux central (SNC) et le système immunitaire périphérique.ButLes travaux réalisés ont eu pour objectif d’étudier l’implication du SNC et du systèmeimmunitaire dans la modulation de l’inflammation induite par la NSV basse fréquence chez unmodèle de rat anesthésié. Tout d’abord, afin d’étudier l’implication du SNC lors de la NSV 5 Hz, uneétude d’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) a été réalisée sur le rat «sain»anesthésié. Ensuite, une étude a été effectuée sur l’effet de la NSV sur les cellules immunitairesspléniques ainsi que sur le tube digestif chez un modèle de rat «sain» puis chez un modèle de ratatteint d’une colite expérimentale induite par une injection intra-colique d’acide trinitrobenzènesulfonique (TNBS).RésultatsLes données obtenues lors de l’étude d’IRMf ont mis en évidence un rôle important desfibres afférentes vagales; elles modulent certaines structures du SNC qui pourraient participer à larégulation de l’inflammation digestive induite par la NSV 5 Hz. Les études réalisées sur les souspopulationslymphocytaires spléniques ont révélé que d’autres cellules immunitaires que lesmacrophages étaient impliquées lors de la NSV. Chez le modèle de rat «sain», les résultats decytométrie en flux ont montré que la NSV 3h 5 Hz induisait une diminution de l’activation deslymphocytes T CD4 ainsi que du pourcentage de NKT par rapport aux lymphocytes T. Ces résultatssont en faveur d’un rôle de la NSV 3h inhibant l’activation lymphocytaire et jouant un rôle sur les NKTpossédant des propriétés immunorégulatrices. La NSV 3h n’a pas le même effet chez le modèle de ratprésentant une colite. En effet, le dosage de cytokines sécrétées par les splénocytes en culturemontre que la NSV augmente le potentiel de sécrétion d’IL-10 (cytokine anti-inflammatoire) dessplénocytes et plus particulièrement des lymphocytes T CD4 spléniques. Parallèlement, l’effet antiinflammatoirede la NSV a été mis en évidence au niveau du côlon transverse (au-dessus de la zonelésée) par une diminution des ARNm de SOCS3 et du TNF-α et de la myéloperoxidase. Ces donnéesont démontré un rôle de la NSV sur la fonctionnalité des lymphocytes T CD4 spléniques. La NSV 3h 5Hz orienterait la réponse immunitaire vers une réponse anti-inflammatoire en phase d’initiationd’inflammation digestive. De plus, l’effet anti-inflammatoire de la NSV est retrouvé au niveau du tubedigestif au-dessus de la zone lésée (côlon transverse).ConclusionCes données expérimentales montrent que d’autres voies impliquant différents typescellulaires sont susceptibles d’être mises en oeuvre par la NSV basse fréquence. Elle induitl’implication du SNC par l’activation des afférences vagales et des cellules immunitaires spléniquestelles que les lymphocytes T CD4 et les NKT. Un effet anti-inflammatoire de la NSV est retrouvé auniveau du côlon transverse, mais pas au niveau des lésions dans le côlon distal. Ces résultatsprésentent des implications thérapeutiques : la NSV basse fréquence est actuellement en essaiclinique pour être utilisée comme traitement dans la maladie de Crohn

Brain-gut interactions and low-frequency vagus nerve stimulation in an anaesthetized rat model : involvement of the central nervous system and the immune system

IntroductionLa neurostimulation vagale (NSV) à haute fréquence (30 Hz) est utilisée commethérapeutique de certaines formes d’épilepsie et de dépression réfractaires aux traitements chezl’Homme. De plus, la NSV à basse fréquence (5 Hz) a été expérimentée avec succès chez l’animalpour traiter différentes inflammations périphériques, notamment digestives. Des travaux récents ontmis en évidence que cet effet anti-inflammatoire est induit par l’activation des fibres efférentesvagales, libérant en périphérie de l’acétylcholine, inhibant la sécrétion des cytokines proinflammatoires.Cette voie est connue sous le nom de voie anti-inflammatoire cholinergique.Toutefois, le mécanisme d’action de la NSV 5 Hz reste mal connu et d’autres voies pourraient êtremises en jeu impliquant le système nerveux central (SNC) et le système immunitaire périphérique.ButLes travaux réalisés ont eu pour objectif d’étudier l’implication du SNC et du systèmeimmunitaire dans la modulation de l’inflammation induite par la NSV basse fréquence chez unmodèle de rat anesthésié. Tout d’abord, afin d’étudier l’implication du SNC lors de la NSV 5 Hz, uneétude d’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) a été réalisée sur le rat «sain»anesthésié. Ensuite, une étude a été effectuée sur l’effet de la NSV sur les cellules immunitairesspléniques ainsi que sur le tube digestif chez un modèle de rat «sain» puis chez un modèle de ratatteint d’une colite expérimentale induite par une injection intra-colique d’acide trinitrobenzènesulfonique (TNBS).RésultatsLes données obtenues lors de l’étude d’IRMf ont mis en évidence un rôle important desfibres afférentes vagales; elles modulent certaines structures du SNC qui pourraient participer à larégulation de l’inflammation digestive induite par la NSV 5 Hz. Les études réalisées sur les souspopulationslymphocytaires spléniques ont révélé que d’autres cellules immunitaires que lesmacrophages étaient impliquées lors de la NSV. Chez le modèle de rat «sain», les résultats decytométrie en flux ont montré que la NSV 3h 5 Hz induisait une diminution de l’activation deslymphocytes T CD4 ainsi que du pourcentage de NKT par rapport aux lymphocytes T. Ces résultatssont en faveur d’un rôle de la NSV 3h inhibant l’activation lymphocytaire et jouant un rôle sur les NKTpossédant des propriétés immunorégulatrices. La NSV 3h n’a pas le même effet chez le modèle de ratprésentant une colite. En effet, le dosage de cytokines sécrétées par les splénocytes en culturemontre que la NSV augmente le potentiel de sécrétion d’IL-10 (cytokine anti-inflammatoire) dessplénocytes et plus particulièrement des lymphocytes T CD4 spléniques. Parallèlement, l’effet antiinflammatoirede la NSV a été mis en évidence au niveau du côlon transverse (au-dessus de la zonelésée) par une diminution des ARNm de SOCS3 et du TNF-α et de la myéloperoxidase. Ces donnéesont démontré un rôle de la NSV sur la fonctionnalité des lymphocytes T CD4 spléniques. La NSV 3h 5Hz orienterait la réponse immunitaire vers une réponse anti-inflammatoire en phase d’initiationd’inflammation digestive. De plus, l’effet anti-inflammatoire de la NSV est retrouvé au niveau du tubedigestif au-dessus de la zone lésée (côlon transverse).ConclusionCes données expérimentales montrent que d’autres voies impliquant différents typescellulaires sont susceptibles d’être mises en oeuvre par la NSV basse fréquence. Elle induitl’implication du SNC par l’activation des afférences vagales et des cellules immunitaires spléniquestelles que les lymphocytes T CD4 et les NKT. Un effet anti-inflammatoire de la NSV est retrouvé auniveau du côlon transverse, mais pas au niveau des lésions dans le côlon distal. Ces résultatsprésentent des implications thérapeutiques : la NSV basse fréquence est actuellement en essaiclinique pour être utilisée comme traitement dans la maladie de Crohn.Introduction High frequency(30 Hz)vagus nerve stimulation(VNS)has been approved as a treatment for some types of epilepsy and depression in humans. Low-frequency (5 Hz)VNS has also been successful for the treatment of different animal inflammation models, notably digestive inflammation. Recent studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory effect is induced by the activation of the efferent vagal fibers, which secrete acetylcholine in periphery. It links itself to α-7-nicotinic receptors on the macrophages surface, inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This pathway is known by the name of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. However, the mechanism of action of low-frequency VNS remains unclear and other pathways could be involved implicating the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the implication of the CNS and the immune system in the modulation of inflammation induced by low-frequency VNS in an anaesthetized rat model. Firstly, to study the implication of the CNS and the contribution of the afferent vagal fibers during 5Hz VNS, a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on a «healthy» anaesthetized rat model was carried out. Secondly, an experiment on the effect of VNS on splenic immune cells as well as on the digestive tract was fulfilled on a «healthy» rat model followed by a study on a rat model of colitis induced by intracolonic injection of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Results fMRI data brought to light an important role of the afferent vagal fibers. They modulate some structures of the CNS which could contribute to the modulation of digestive inflammation by 5Hz VNS. The studies carried out by FACS on the sub-populations of splenic lymphocytes revealed that other immune cells than macrophages could be implicated by VNS. In the «healthy» rat model, with no digestive inflammation, FACS data show that 3h VNS decreases T CD4 lymphocytes activation and the percentage of NKT in relation to T lymphocytes. These data are in favor of an inhibiting role of VNS on lymphocytes activation and also has an impact on NKT cells which have immunoregulatory properties. 3h VNS does not have the same effect on the rat model of colitis. In fact, the quantification of secreted cytokines by cultured splenocytes show that VNS increases the potential of IL-10(anti-iflammatory)cytokine by splenocytes and particularly splenic T CD4 lymphocytes. In the same way, the anti-inflammatory effect of VNS is seen in the transverse colon (above the lesions): decrease of TNF-α and SOCS3 mRNA and of myeloperoxidase. These results show a role of VNS on the functionality of splenic T CD4 lymphocytes inducing an important secretion of IL-10. 3h low-frequency VNS turns the immune response towards an anti-inflammatory response during the early phase of digestive inflammation. Moreover, VNS anti-inflammatory effect is seen in the transverse colon, above the lesions. Conclusion These results reveal that other pathways implicating different cell types are potentially involved besides the classic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway by low-frequency VNS. It implicates CNS by the activation of vagal afferents and splenic immune cells such as T CD4 lymphocytes and NKT cells. An anti-inflammatory effect of VNS is found in the transverse colon (above the lesions) even during the initiation phase of digestive inflammation, but not in the distal colon (in the lesions). These date have therapeutic implications: low-frequency VNS is being clinically tested at the moment as a treatment for Crohn's disease

Lipid content and fatty acid composition in foods commonly consumed by nursing Congolese women : incidences on their essential fatty acid intakes and breast milk fatty acids

International audienc

Vagus nerve stimulation: from epilepsy to the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.

International audienceBACKGROUND: The brain and the gut communicate bidirectionally through the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The vagus nerve (VN), a major component of the ANS, plays a key role in the neuro-endocrine-immune axis to maintain homeostasia through its afferents (through the activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and the central ANS) and through its efferents (i.e. the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway; CAP). The CAP has an anti-TNF effect both through the release of acetylcholine at the distal VN acting on macrophages and through the connection of the VN with the spleen through the splenic sympathetic nerve. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) of vagal afferents at high frequency (20-30 Hz) is used for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy and depression. Low-frequency (5 Hz) VNS of vagal efferents activates the CAP for an anti-inflammatory effect that is as an anti-TNF therapy in inflammatory diseases were TNF is a key cytokine as represented by experimental sepsis, postoperative ileus, burn-induced intestinal barrier injury, colitis. However, both vagal afferents and efferents are activated by VNS. PURPOSE: The objective of this review was to explore the following: (i) the supporting evidence for the importance of VNS in epilepsy (and depression) and its mechanisms of action, (ii) the anti-inflammatory characteristics of the VN, (iii) the experimental evidence that VNS impact on inflammatory disorders focusing on the digestive tract, and (iv) how VNS could potentially be harnessed therapeutically in human inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, postoperative ileus, rheumatoid arthritis as an anti-inflammatory therapy

Dynamic Causal Modelling and physiological confounds: a functional MRI study of vagus nerve stimulation.: DCM of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in fMRI

International audienceDynamic Causal Modelling (DCM) has been proposed to estimate neuronal connectivity from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a biophysical model that links synaptic activity to hemodynamic processes. However, it is well known that fMRI is sensitive not only to neuronal activity, but also to many other psychophysiological responses which may be task-related, such as changes in cardio-respiratory activity. They are not explicitly taken into account in the generative models of DCM and their effects on estimated neuronal connectivity are not known. The main goal of this study was to report the face validity of DCM in the presence of strong physiological confounds that presumably cannot be corrected for, using an fMRI experiment of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) performed in rats. First, a simple simulation was used to evaluate the principled ability of DCM to recover directed connectivity in the presence of a confounding factor. Second, we tested the experimental validity using measures of the BOLD correlates of left 5Hz VNS. Because VNS mostly activates the central autonomic regulation system, fMRI signals were likely to represent both direct and indirect vascular responses to such activation. In addition to the inference of standard statistical parametric maps, DCM was thus used to estimate directed neural connectivity in a small brain network including the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) known to receive vagal afferents. Though blood pressure changes may constitute a major physiological confound in this dataset, model comparison of DCMs still allowed the identification of the NTS as the input station of the VNS pathway to the brain. Our study indicates that current developments of DCM are robust to psychophysiological responses to some extent, but does not exclude the need to develop specific models of brain - body interactions within the DCM framework to better estimate neuronal connectivity from fMRI time series

Comparison of the efficiency of chopped and non-rectangular electrical stimulus waveforms in activating small vagus nerve fibers

International audienceBackground : In the context of morbid obesity, vagus nerve stimulation could be used to control gastric function targeting the small afferent B-fibers and C-fibers. Compared to large A-fibers, activation thresholds of these small efferent fibers are 10 to 100 times greater, inducing technical constraints and possible nerve damages. Although rectangular waveform is commonly used in nerve stimulation, recent modeling and experimental studies suggest that non-rectangular waveforms could reduced the charge injected by the stimulator.New method : The objective of the present study is to evaluate the charge injection of complex waveforms such as the ramp, quarter sine and chopped pulses in the context of vagus nerve stimulation. We performed in-vivo study on the porcine abdominal vagus nerves and evaluated charge injection at activation thresholds. A modeling study was performed to further extent the results obtained in-vivo.Comparison with existing method : Compared to the rectangular pulse, the ramp and quarter sine waveforms activated gastric fibers with the lowest charge injection: −23.2% and −30.1% respectively. The efficacy of chopped pulses is questioned through the consideration of the strength-duration curve.Conclusion : Continuous ramp and quarter sine waveforms effectively activate small diameter fibers. These pulse shapes may be considered for long-term vagus nerve stimulation. The results predicted by computational models were qualitatively consistent with experiments. This suggested the relevance of using modeling in the context of complex waveforms prior to future in-vivo tests

Effects of chronic abdominal vagal stimulation of small-diameter neurons on brain metabolism and food intake

International audienceBackground :Abdominal bilateral vagal stimulation reduces food intake in animals. However, the classical square wave, mA range current generator is poorly effective to evoke action potentials on A∂ and C neurons that represent the majority of vagal neurons at the abdominal level.Objective/Hypothesis :(i) To ascertain the capability of very high-frequency stimulation schemes (pulsons) to trigger action potentials in abdominal vagal neurons in anaesthetized pigs. (ii) To compare these stimulation schemes with classical ones using PET imaging of brain metabolism and food intake behaviour in conscious pigs.Methods :The current thresholds for pulsons (S2 & S3) and millisecond pulses (S1) required to trigger action potentials were calculated in 5 anaesthetized pigs using single fibre recording. Similar stimulation protocols were compared chronically to sham stimulation in 24 pigs. After two weeks of chronic stimulation, food intake and brain metabolism were investigated. The electrical characteristics and histology of the vagus nerve were also studied.Results :S3 stimulation required a lower amount of charges to trigger an action potential. Chronically applied S2 & S3 activated the dorsal vagal complex and increased the metabolism of its afferent cortical structures. They also reduced energy intake together with a reduced ingestion of high fat and high sugar diets. All these effects were not observed for the S1 group. The vagal histology for the S1, S2 and S3 groups was not different from that of the sham.Conclusions :These findings demonstrate that pulsons applied bilaterally on the abdominal vagus reduced food intake as a consequence of the activation of the brainstem and higher-order brain areas